Pathogens Disease Write for Us
A pathogen is defined as an organism that causes disease to its host, and the severity of disease symptoms is indicated by virulence. Pathogens taxonomically vary widely and include viruses and bacteria and unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Every organism is affected by pathogens, including bacteria, targeted by specialized viruses called phages.
Types of Pathogen Disease
Pathogens fall into one of two primary groups: facultative pathogens or obligatory pathogens, depending on how closely their life cycle is linked to that of their host.
Facultative pathogens are ones where the host is only one of the niches available for reproduction. Environmental bacteria and fungi make up the majority of facultative pathogens, which can occasionally result in illnesses. Many of the most troublesome hospital-developed microorganisms linked to the antibiotic resistance crisis are among them. A difference between facultative and asymptomatic pathogens is occasionally drawn, with the latter grouping those sporadically infect vulnerable or immunocompromised hosts. Neisseria meningitides and Escherichia coli are typical instances of “accidental” pathogens.
Obligate pathogens require a host to fulfill their life cycle. All viruses are obligate pathogens because they depend on their host’s cellular machinery to reproduce. Obligate pathogens have remained found among bacteria, including agents of tuberculosis and syphilis, protozoa (such as those that cause malaria), and macroparasites.
Pathogen Disease Genome
Obligate pathogens frequently have sophisticated systems for synchronizing their life cycles with their hosts and the capacity to influence their host’s immune system, metabolism, and occasionally even behavior. Virulence factors comprise various compounds necessary for host colonization, immunological regulation, immunosuppression, scavenging of resources inside the host, and entry and exit of cells for intracellular infections. These are genes that encode proteins specialized for pathogenicity.
Virulence factors in bacteria are frequently found in gene clusters on pathogenicity islands, where plasmids or other transmissible elements can spread them horizontally. Including two plasmids containing genes involved in pathogenicity early in its development is one way the plague bacterium Y. pestis may be distinguished from its closest, less virulent relative, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
While gaining new genes and repurposing old genes is crucial in the evolution towards pathogenicity, genome reduction due to gene inactivation and loss is a typical trait throughout development towards pathogenicity. The host provides a generally stable and resource-rich environment where some metabolic processes needed in the background are unnecessary, which is the primary explanation for this phenomenon. Genome shortening is a typical pattern associated with the evolution of pathogenicity. It is shown in pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the ongoing adaption of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria to CF patients.
Leprosy (M. leprae and M. lepromatosis) virus sheds about half of the genes in its relatives from the environment, making it the best extreme example. The subsequent loss of the capacity for genetic recombination is another fascinating development for many bacterial diseases.
Pathogens Causing Diseases
There are many different ways that pathogens may make their hosts unwell. The most apparent method involves causing direct tissue or cell damage during reproduction, usually by producing toxins that let the virus enter newly formed tissues or leave cells where it had been reproducing. In addition to well-known poisons like tetanus, anthrax, and the botulinum toxin, better known as Botox commercially, bacterial toxins are among the deadliest poisons ever discovered.
Some viruses accelerate their transmission to uninfected hosts or spread inside an infected host by taking advantage of the host’s immune response. The primary way that influenza is spread is by coughing and sneezing-produced aerosols. Vibrio cholerae causes a severe inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa, ensuring its escape into the environment and spreading an infection to other individuals.
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